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Children's fantasy novel by C. Southward. Lewis, 1950

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
TheLionWitchWardrobe(1stEd).jpg

First edition dustjacket
Author C. S. Lewis
Illustrator Pauline Baynes
Cover artist Pauline Baynes
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Series The Chronicles of Narnia
Genre Children's fantasy, Christian literature
Publisher Geoffrey Bles

Publication date

 sixteen October 1950
Media type Impress (hardcover and paperback), e-book
OCLC 7207376
LC Class PZ8.L48 Li[1]
Followed by Prince Caspian

The King of beasts, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. South. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950. It is the outset published and best known of 7 novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956). Amid all the author's books, information technology is also the most widely held in libraries.[two] Although it was originally the first of The Chronicles of Narnia, it is volume ii in recent editions that are sequenced past the stories' chronology. Like the other Chronicles, information technology was illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and her piece of work has been retained in many later editions.[1] [3]

About of the novel is prepare in Narnia, a state of talking animals and mythical creatures that is ruled past the evil White Witch. In the frame story, iv English language children are relocated to a large, erstwhile state house post-obit a wartime evacuation. The youngest, Lucy, visits Narnia iii times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room. Lucy's three siblings are with her on her 3rd visit to Narnia. In Narnia, the siblings seem fit to fulfill an former prophecy and discover themselves adventuring to save Narnia and their ain lives. The lion Aslan gives his life to save one of the children; he later rises from the expressionless, vanquishes the White Witch, and crowns the children Kings and Queens of Narnia.

Lewis wrote the book for (and dedicated it to) his goddaughter, Lucy Barfield. She was the daughter of Owen Barfield, Lewis'due south friend, instructor, adviser and trustee.[4] In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked 9th on the BBC's The Big Read poll.[5] Fourth dimension magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time,[6] as well as its list of the 100 best English-language novels published since 1923.[7]

Plot [edit]

Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie are evacuated from London in 1940, to escape the Blitz, and sent to live with Professor Digory Kirke at a large house in the English countryside. While exploring the house, Lucy enters a wardrobe and discovers the magical world of Narnia. Here, she meets the faun named Tumnus, whom she addresses every bit "Mr. Tumnus". Tumnus invites her to his cavern for tea and admits that he intended to written report Lucy to the White Witch, the false ruler of Narnia who has kept the land in perpetual winter, merely he repents and guides her back dwelling. Although Lucy's siblings initially disbelieve her story of Narnia, Edmund follows her into the wardrobe and winds up in a separate area of Narnia and meets the White Witch, who calls herself the Queen of Narnia. The Witch plies Edmund with Turkish please and persuades him to bring his siblings to her with the promise of being made a prince. Edmund reunites with Lucy and they both render home. However, Edmund denies Narnia'southward existence to Peter and Susan after learning of the White Witch's identity from Lucy.

Soon afterwards, all four children enter Narnia together, but find that Tumnus has been arrested for treason. The children are befriended by Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who tell them of a prophecy that claims the White Witch'southward rule will finish when "ii Sons of Adam and 2 Daughters of Eve" sit down on the four thrones of Cair Paravel, and that Narnia's truthful ruler – a great lion named Aslan – is returning at the Stone Table after several years of absence. Edmund slips away to the White Witch's castle, where he finds a courtyard filled with the Witch'southward enemies turned into stone statues. Edmund reports Aslan's return to the White Witch, who begins her move toward the Stone Table with Edmund in tow, and orders the execution of Edmund's siblings and the Beavers. Meanwhile, the Beavers realise where Edmund has gone, and lead the children to meet Aslan at the Stone Table. During the expedition, the group notices that the snow is melting, and take it as a sign that the White Witch's magic is fading. This is confirmed past a visit from Father Christmas, who had been kept out of Narnia past the Witch's magic, and he leaves the group with gifts and weapons.

The children and the Beavers reach the Stone Table and run across Aslan and his army. The White Witch's wolf captain Maugrim approaches the military camp and attacks Susan, just is killed past Peter. The White Witch arrives and parleys with Aslan, invoking the "Deep Magic from the Dawn of Time" which gives her the correct to impale Edmund for his treason. Aslan and then speaks to the Witch solitary, and on his return he announces that the Witch has renounced her claim on Edmund'south life. Aslan and his followers then move the encampment on into the nearby forest. That evening, Susan and Lucy secretly follow Aslan to the Stone Table. They sentry from a distance as the Witch puts Aslan to death – equally they had agreed in their pact to spare Edmund. The side by side morning, Aslan is resurrected by the "Deeper Magic from before the Dawn of Time", which has the power to reverse death if a willing victim takes the place of a traitor. Aslan takes the girls to the Witch'due south castle and revives the Narnians that the Witch had turned to stone. They join the Narnian forces battling the Witch's ground forces. The Narnian regular army prevails, and Aslan kills the Witch. The Pevensie children are then crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel.

After a long and happy reign, the Pevensies, at present adults, go on a hunt for the White Stag who is said to grant the wishes of those who catch information technology. The four make it at the lamp-post marking Narnia's entrance and, having forgotten about it, unintentionally pass through the wardrobe and return to England; they are children again, with no time having passed since their difference. They tell the story to Kirke, who believes them and reassures the children that they will return to Narnia ane 24-hour interval when they least await it.

Main characters [edit]

  • Lucy is the youngest of iv siblings. In some respects, she is the chief protagonist of the story. She is the commencement to discover the state of Narnia, which she enters inadvertently when she steps into a wardrobe while exploring the Professor's house. When Lucy tells her three siblings about Narnia, they do not believe her: Peter and Susan remember she is just playing a game, while Edmund persistently ridicules her. In Narnia, she is crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant.
  • Edmund is the second-youngest of iv siblings. He has a bad human relationship with his brother and sisters. Edmund is known to be a liar, and often harasses Lucy. Lured by the White Witch's promise of power and an unlimited supply of magical treats, Edmund betrays his siblings. He subsequently repents and helps defeat the White Witch. He is eventually crowned Rex Edmund the Only.
  • Susan is the second-oldest sibling. She does non believe in Narnia until she actually goes there. She and Lucy back-trail Aslan on the journeying to the Stone Tabular array, where he allows the Witch to take his life in place of Edmund's. Tending to Aslan's carcass, she removes a cage from him to restore his nobility and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw abroad his bonds. She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle. Susan is crowned Queen Susan the Gentle.
  • Peter is the eldest sibling. He judiciously settles disputes betwixt his younger brother and sisters, often rebuking Edmund for his attitude. Peter besides disbelieves Lucy's stories about Narnia until he sees it for himself. He is hailed every bit a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his control in the battle to overthrow the White Witch. He is crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed Male monarch Peter the Magnificent.
  • Aslan, a panthera leo, is the rightful Rex of Narnia and other magic countries. He sacrifices himself to save Edmund, merely is resurrected in fourth dimension to assistance the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions. As the "son of the Emperor beyond the body of water" (an allusion to God the Father), Aslan is the anointed creator of Narnia. Lewis revealed that he wrote Aslan equally a portrait, although not an allegorical portrait, of Christ.[8]
  • The White Witch is the land's cocky-proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story. Her reign in Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no cease in sight. When provoked, she turns creatures to stone with her wand. She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that "two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve" (meaning two male humans and two female humans) will supercede her. She is normally referred to as "the White Witch", or simply "the Witch". Her actual name, Jadis, appears in one case in the notice left on Tumnus'due south door subsequently his arrest. Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her dorsum story and business relationship for her presence in the Narnian world.
  • The Professor is a kindly quondam gentleman who takes the children in when they are evacuated from London. He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia. He tries to convince the others logically that she did not make it up. After the children render from Narnia, he assures them that they volition return one day. The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on (hints expanded upon in after books of the series).
  • Tumnus, a faun, is the offset individual Lucy (who calls him "Mr. Tumnus") meets in Narnia. Tumnus befriends Lucy, despite the White Witch'southward standing order to plow in whatsoever human he finds. He initially plans to obey the social club merely, later on getting to like Lucy, he cannot comport to alert the Witch's forces. He instead escorts her back towards the safe of her ain country. His good deed is later given away to the Witch by Edmund. The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone, only he is later restored to life by Aslan.
  • Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, two beavers, are friends of Tumnus. They play host to Peter, Susan and Lucy and atomic number 82 them to Aslan.

Writing [edit]

Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled "It All Began with a Picture":[9]

The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun conveying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my listen since I was about 16. Then one day, when I was about twoscore, I said to myself: 'Allow's endeavour to make a story about it.'

Shortly earlier the Second World War, many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bombing attacks on London past Nazi Germany. On 2 September 1939, iii school girls, Margaret, Mary, and Katherine,[10] [11] came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst, Lewis's home 3 mi (4.8 km) east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children, and in late September,[12] he began a children's story on an odd sail that has survived as function of another manuscript:

This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is nigh about Peter, who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London of a sudden because of Air Raids, and considering Father, who was in the Regular army, had gone off to the State of war and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother'south who was a very quondam professor who lived all by himself in the land.[13]

How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain. Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might fifty-fifty take completed information technology. In September 1947, Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children: "I have tried ane myself, merely information technology was, by the unanimous verdict of my friends, so bad that I destroyed information technology."[xiv]

The plot element of entering a new earth through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis'southward mind past 1946, when he used it to depict his first encounter with actually good verse:

I did not in the least experience that I was getting in more than quantity or improve quality a pleasure I had already known. It was more as if a cupboard which ane had hitherto valued equally a place for hanging coats proved ane solar day, when y'all opened the door, to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ...[15]

In August 1948, during a visit past an American writer, Chad Walsh, Lewis talked vaguely nearly completing a children's book he had begun "in the tradition of E. Nesbit".[sixteen] Later on this conversation, not much happened until the beginning of the next yr. And then everything inverse. In his essay "It All Began With a Motion picture", Lewis continues: "At beginning I had very little idea how the story would get. Only and so of a sudden Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the half-dozen other Narnian stories in after him."[17]

The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written 14 years earlier in his alliterative poem "The Planets":

... Of wrath ended
And woes mended, of winter passed
And guilt forgiven, and good fortune
JOVE is main; and of jocund revel,
Laughter of ladies. The lion-hearted
... are Jove'due south children.[18]

This resonance is a cardinal component of the instance, promoted importantly by Oxford Academy scholar Michael Ward, for the seven Chronicles having been modelled upon the seven classical astrological planets, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe upon Jupiter.[19]

On ten March 1949, Roger Lancelyn Greenish dined with Lewis at Magdalen College. After the meal, Lewis read two chapters from his new children'due south story to Green. Lewis asked Green'southward opinion of the tale, and Green said that he thought it was good. The manuscript of The Panthera leo, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May.[20] When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition, three new "chronicles", Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Equus caballus and His Boy, had also been completed.

Illustrations [edit]

Lewis'south publisher, Geoffrey Bles, immune him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series. Lewis chose Pauline Baynes, peradventure based on J. R. R. Tolkien's recommendation. In December 1949, Bles showed Lewis the beginning drawings for the novel, and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her, particularly on the level of item. Lewis's appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for all-time children's book of 1956: "is it non rather 'our' medal? I'chiliad certain the illustrations were taken into account, likewise every bit the text".[21]

The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations; American editions mostly had fewer. The popular U.S. paperback edition published past Collier betwixt 1970 and 1994, which sold many millions, had only 17 illustrations, many of them severely cropped from the originals, giving many readers in that country a very dissimilar experience when reading the novel. All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition, although these illustrations lacked the clarity of early printings.[22]

Reception [edit]

Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the showtime novel. He completed the sequel by end of 1949, less than a yr later on finishing the initial book. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until belatedly in 1950, then his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public.[23]

While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children's writer, the initial critical response was muted. At the time, children's stories existence realistic was fashionable; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent, appropriate simply for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children, fifty-fifty hindering their power to relate to everyday life. Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements overstated attempts to indoctrinate children. Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might affright children.[24]

Lewis's publisher, Geoffrey Bles, feared that the Narnia tales would not sell, and might damage Lewis's reputation and bear on sales of his other books. Nevertheless, the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers, and Lewis's publisher was before long eager to release farther Narnia stories.[25]

A 2004 U.S. study found that The Lion was a common read-aloud volume for seventh graders in schools in San Diego Canton, California.[26] In 2005, information technology was included on TIME 'due south unranked list of the 100 best English language-language novels published since 1923.[27] Based on a 2007 online poll, the U.Due south. National Pedagogy Association listed it every bit one of its "Teachers' Peak 100 Books for Children".[28] In 2012, it was ranked number five among all-time children'southward novels in a survey published by Schoolhouse Library Periodical, a monthly with primarily U.Southward. audience.[29]

A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that information technology was the second-virtually common book that UK adults had read as children, after Alice'southward Adventures in Wonderland. (Adults, perhaps express to parents, ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the adjacent generation should read, or their children should read during their lifetimes.)[xxx]

Fourth dimension included the novel in its "All-TIME 100 Novels" (best English language-language novels from 1923 to 2005).[27] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[31] It has besides been published in 47 foreign languages.[32]

Reading social club [edit]

The thing of the reading order of the Narnia series, in the context of the alter in their publication order—from its original (beginning with The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) to the later adopted, now pervasive chronology-of-events club (offset with The Wizard's Nephew)—has been a matter of extensive discussion for many years.[33] The Lion... was originally published as the get-go volume in the Chronicles, and most reprintings of the novels reflected that order, until divergence with the Collins' "Fontana Lions" edition in 1980.[33] : 42 Change, however, had begun earlier—the listing of the books in the English language Puffins editions as early as 1974 presented a list as a suggested reading order that placed Magician's first—and with the Collins' edition, the move to the chronological guild, and the serial opening with Magician'southward was formalised.[33] : 42 Walter Hooper, for one, was pleased with this, stating that the books could at present be read in the order that Lewis' himself "said they should".[34] When HarperCollins presented its compatible, worldwide edition of the serial in 1994, it too used this sequence, going so far equally to state that its "editions of the Chronicles... have been numbered in compliance with the original wishes of the writer, C.S. Lewis."[33] : 42–43

In a work of literary criticism, Imagination and the Arts in C. S. Lewis, scholar Peter J. Schakel calls into question the clarity and simplicity of these conclusions, citing a diverseness of evidences that oppose a singular view of a correct viewing guild, evidences that include Lewis' ain words. Laurence Krieg, a young fan, wrote to Lewis, asking him to adjudicate between his views of the right sequence of reading the novels; he held to reading The Wizard's... kickoff, while his mother thought The King of beasts... should be read get-go. Lewis wrote back, stating support for the younger Krieg's views, but called rigid conclusions into question, stating: "I remember I agree with your guild... [but] perhaps information technology does not matter very much in which society anyone reads them."[33] : 42–43

"I recall I hold with your order for reading the books more than than with your mother'due south. The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks. When I wrote The Lion, I did not know I was going to write any more. And then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and withal didn't remember there would be any more, and when I had done The Voyage, I felt quite sure it would be the terminal, but I found I was wrong. And so mayhap it does not matter very much in which club anyone reads them. I'm non even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published."

—C. S. Lewis to Laurence Krieg, an American fan[35] [ page needed ]

Schakel'southward writings go on to pointedly question the revised social club in literary critical analyses that recognise the view of Hooper, documents such equally the Krieg letter, likewise as the commercial inclinations behind creation of later editions of works in a unique lodge, but nevertheless argue strenuously with regard to the change in the "imaginitive reading experience" in the later revised arrangement—the key difference being that, in the original publication order, the land of Narnia is carefully introduced in The Lion... (due east.g., the children hearing the term and having to have it explained), whereas in The Magician's..., with its original publication second, has Narnia's mention appearing on the first page, without caption; a like disconnection in experience is noted with regard to how the central character Aslan is experienced in the two reading orders.[33] : 46–48 Schakel argues the thing through repeated further examples (e.g., the appearances of the lamppost, the depiction of the characters of the White Witch and Jadis, etc.), concluding that, "the 'new' system may well be less desirable that the original".[33] : 49, 44 Writer Paul Ford as well cites several scholars who have weighed in against the determination of HarperCollins to present the books in the club of their internal chronology,[36] and continues, "about scholars disagree with this decision and find it the to the lowest degree faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions".[37]

Critically, the reissue of the Puffin series in England, which was proceeding at the fourth dimension of Lewis' death in 1963 (with iii volumes out beginning with The King of beasts..., and the remaining four soon due) maintained the original order, with contemporary comments ascribed to Lewis—made to Kaye Webb, the editor of that imprint—suggesting he notwithstanding intended "to re-edit the books... [to] connect the things that didn't tie up".[33] : 44 [38] Regardless, as of Jan 2022, the publication order placing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe second in the series continues—in accordance with Walter Hooper'due south perception of Lewis' intent, whether intended with or without farther series changes—such that it remains the production blueprint for the serial as it is distributed worldwide.[33] [39]

Allusions [edit]

Lewis wrote, "The Narnian books are non every bit much allegory as supposal. Suppose at that place were a Narnian world and it, like ours, needed redemption. What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there?"[twoscore]

The main story is an allegory of Christ's crucifixion:[41] [42] Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund, a traitor who may deserve death, in the same mode that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners. Aslan is killed on the Rock Table, symbolising Mosaic Law, which breaks when he is resurrected, symbolising the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutionary atonement, according to Christian theology.[43]

The character of the Professor is based on West.T. Kirkpatrick, who tutored a 16-year-sometime Lewis. "Kirk", equally he was sometimes chosen, taught the immature Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly, skills that would be invaluable to him later.[44]

Narnia is caught in endless wintertime that has lasted a century when the children kickoff enter. Norse tradition mythologises a "neat winter", known as the Fimbulwinter, said to precede Ragnarök. The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kai past the Snowfall Queen in Hans Christian Andersen's novella of that name.[45]

Several parallels are seen between the White Witch and the immortal white queen, Ayesha, of H. Rider Haggard's She, a novel greatly admired past Lewis.[46]

Edith Nesbit'due south short story "The Aunt and Amabel" includes the motif of a daughter entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place.[47]

The freeing of Aslan'southward body from the Stone Table is reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Pit and the Pendulum", in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds.[48] In a afterward book, Prince Caspian, as reward for their actions, mice gained the same intelligence and voice communication equally other Narnian animals.[49]

Religious themes [edit]

One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity.[50] Various aspects of characters and events in the novel reflect biblical ideas from Christianity. The king of beasts Aslan is ane of the clearest examples, every bit his decease is very like to that of Jesus Christ. While many readers fabricated this connection, Lewis denied that the themes of Christianity were intentional, saying that his writing began by picturing images of characters, and the rest simply came about through the writing process.[51] While Lewis denied intentionally making the story a strictly Christian theological novel, he did acknowledge that it could assistance young children accept Christianity into their lives when they were older.[52]

After the children enter the earth of Narnia through the wardrobe, Edmund finds himself in trouble nether service of the White Witch, as she tempts him with Turkish please. When Edmund is threatened with decease, Aslan offers to sacrifice himself equally an atonement for the boy'southward betrayal. Aslan is shaved of his fur, and stabbed on an altar of stone. This is similar to how Jesus was publicly beaten, humiliated, and crucified. After his cede, Aslan is reborn, and he continues to help the children save Narnia.[52] While this sequence of events is comparable to the death of Jesus, it is not identical to it. A few differences be, such as the fact that Aslan did not allow himself to be killed to save the entirety of Narnia, but just to save Edmund. Aslan is as well only dead for one night, while Jesus returned on the third day.[51] Despite these differences, the paradigm of Aslan and the issue of his decease and rebirth reflect those of the biblical account of Jesus' expiry and resurrection, adding to the theme of Christianity throughout the novel.[51]

Differences between editions [edit]

Due to labour-union rules,[53] the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition by Macmillan Usa in 1950.[one] Lewis took that opportunity to make these changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles[3] before that aforementioned year:

  • In chapter one of the American edition, the animals in which Edmund and Susan express interest are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition.[53] [54]
  • In affiliate six of the American edition, the proper name of the White Witch'due south chief of police is changed to "Fenris Ulf" from "Maugrim" in the British.[55] [56] [57]
  • In chapter 13 of the American edition, "the torso of the Globe Ash Tree" takes the place of "the fire-stones of the Secret Hill".[58]

When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994, they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide.[59] The electric current U.S. edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words.[60]

Adaptations [edit]

Television [edit]

The story has been adapted iii times for idiot box. The beginning was a 10-office serial produced past ABC Weekend Goggle box for ITV and broadcast in 1967.[ citation needed ] In 1979, an blithe Television film,[61] directed by Peanuts managing director Bill Melendez, was broadcast and won the first Emmy Honor for Outstanding Blithe Program.[ citation needed ] A 3rd television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of alive actors, animatronic puppets, and blitheness. The 1988 adaptation was the first of a series of four Narnia adaptations over three seasons. The program was nominated for an Emmy Honour and won a BAFTA.[ commendation needed ]

Theatre [edit]

Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London's Westminster Theatre, produced by Vanessa Ford Productions. The play, adapted by Glyn Robbins, was directed past Richard Williams and designed past Marty Flood.[62] Jules Tasca, Ted Drachman and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical accommodation published in 1986.[63]

In 1997, Trumpets Inc., a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company, produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham, Lewis's stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations), has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis'southward intention.[64] [65] [66] It starred among others popular immature Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie.[67]

In 1998, the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell, for which the acting edition has been published.[68] The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell'south work in June 2016.[69] [70]

In 2003, an Australian commercial stage production by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions toured the country, using both life-sized puppets and homo actors. It was directed by notable picture manager Nadia Tass, and starred Amanda Muggleton, Dennis Olsen, Meaghan Davies, and Yolande Brown.[71] [72]

In 2011, a two-histrion stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened off-Broadway in New York City at St. Luke's Theatre. The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman.[73] As of 2014, the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor-Sansom and Rockford Sansom.[74]

In 2012, Michael Fentiman with Rupert Goold co-directed The Panthera leo, the Witch and the Wardrobe at a Threesixty 'tented production' in Kensington Gardens, London. It received a Guardian three-star review.[75]

Audio [edit]

Multiple audio editions have been released, both straightforward readings and dramatisations.

In 1981, Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale (and the others in the series). In 2000, an unabridged sound book was released, narrated by Michael York. (All the books were released in audio form, read by unlike actors.)

In 1988, BBC Radio four mounted a total dramatisation. In 1998, Focus on the Family Radio Theatre besides adapted this story. Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio. Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books. The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia, while the Focus on the Family version uses the more than familiar Chronicles moniker. The Focus on the Family version is besides longer, with a full orchestra score, narration, a larger cast of actors, and introductions by Douglas Gresham, C. S. Lewis's stepson.

Pic [edit]

In 2005, the story was adapted for a theatrical film, co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media. It has so far been followed past ii more films: The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The latter was co-produced by 20th Century Fox and Walden Media.

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c "The lion, the witch and the wardrobe; a story for children" (commencement edition). Library of Congress Itemize Record.
    "The lion, the witch and the wardrobe; a story for children" (beginning U.South. edition). LCC record. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  2. ^ "Lewis, C. S. 1898-1963 (Clive Staples) [WorldCat Identities]". Worldcat . Retrieved ix December 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Bibliography: The King of beasts, the Witch and the Wardrobe". ISFDB . Retrieved nine December 2012.
  4. ^ Schakel 2002 p. 75
  5. ^ "The Large Read - Tiptop 100 Books". BBC. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  6. ^ "100 Best Young-Adult Books". Fourth dimension . Retrieved thirty October 2019.
  7. ^ "100 best English language-linguistic communication novels published since 1923". Time . Retrieved 8 Baronial 2021.
  8. ^ Letter of the alphabet to Anne Jenkins, 5 March 1961, in Hooper, Walter (2007). The Collected Letters of C. South. Lewis, Volume III. HarperSanFrancisco. p. 1245. ISBN978-0-06-081922-4.
  9. ^ Lewis (1960). "It All Began with a Picture". Radio Times. xv July 1960. In Hooper (1982), p. 53.
  10. ^ Ford, p. 106.
  11. ^ ""Of Other Worlds", by C. S. Lewis"" (PDF). Wayback Machine. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. [ total citation needed ]
  12. ^ Edwards, Owen Dudley (2007). British Children'south Fiction in the Second World State of war. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7486-1650-3.
  13. ^ Dark-green, Roger Lancelyn, and Walter Hooper (2002). C. S. Lewis: A Biography. Fully Revised and Expanded Edition. p. 303. ISBN 0-00-715714-2.
  14. ^ Lewis (2004 [1947]). Nerveless Letters: Book ii (1931–1949). p. 802. ISBN 0-06-072764-0. Alphabetic character to Eastward. L. Baxter dated 10 September 1947.
  15. ^ Lewis (1946), "Unlike Tastes in Literature". In Hooper (1982), p. 121.
  16. ^ Walsh, Chad (1974). C. S. Lewis: Apostle to the Skeptics. Norwood Editions. p. x. ISBN 0-88305-779-4.
  17. ^ Lewis (1960). In Hooper (1982), pp. 19, 53.
  18. ^ Lewis (1935), "The Alliterative Metre". In Hooper, ed. (1969), Selected Literary Essays, Cambridge Academy Printing, ISBN 9780521074414, p. 25.
  19. ^ Michael Ward (2008), Planet Narnia: the seven heavens in the imagination of C.Southward. Lewis, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195313871.
  20. ^ Hooper, Walter. "Lucy Barfield (1935–2003)". Seven: An Anglo-American Literary Review. Book 20, 2003, p. 5. ISSN 0271-3012. "The dedication ... was probably taken from Lewis's alphabetic character to Lucy of May 1949".
  21. ^ Schakel 2002, pp. thirty–31.
  22. ^ Schakel 2002, p. 132.
  23. ^ Veith, pp. 11–12.
  24. ^ Veith, p. 12.
  25. ^ Veith, p. thirteen.
  26. ^ Fisher, Douglas, James Inundation, Diane Lapp, and Nancy Frey (2004). "Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set up of Implementation Practices?" (PDF). The Reading Instructor. 58 (1): eight–17. doi:10.1598/RT.58.one.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2013. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  27. ^ a b Grossman, Lev (16 October 2005). "All-TIME 100 Novels: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe". Time. Archived from the original on 22 October 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  28. ^ National Pedagogy Clan (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  29. ^ Bird, Elizabeth (7 July 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Weblog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Archived from the original on thirteen July 2012. Retrieved 22 Baronial 2012.
  30. ^ "Peak ten books parents think children should read". The Telegraph. 19 Baronial 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  31. ^ "The Large Read - Summit 100 Books". BBC. ii September 2014. Retrieved xix Oct 2012.
  32. ^ GoodKnight, Glen H. "Translations of The Chronicles of Narnia by C.Due south. Lewis" Archived iii March 2011 at the Wayback Machine (index). Narnia Editions & Translations (inklingsfocus.com). Updated 3 August 2010. Confirmed 2012-12-ten.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Schakel, pp. 40-52 (Affiliate 3, entitled "Information technology Does Not Matter Very Much"—or Does Information technology? The "Correct" Gild for Reading the Chronicles)
  34. ^ Hooper, C.S. Lewis: A Companion and Guide, p. 453.
  35. ^ Dorsett, Lyle (1995). Mead, Marjorie Lamp (ed.). C. S. Lewis: Letters to Children. Touchstone. ISBN9780684823720. [ when? ] [ full citation needed ]
  36. ^ Ford, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
  37. ^ Ford, p. 24.
  38. ^ See footnote 5, citing Green and Hooper's C.S. Lewis: A Biography.
  39. ^ E.chiliad., run into HarperCollins Staff (Jan 2022). "The Chronicles of Narnia, 7 Books in 1 Hardcover, Past C. South. Lewis, Illustrated by Pauline Baynes, On Sale: [beginning] October 26, 2004". HarperCollins.com . Retrieved three January 2022.
  40. ^ James Eastward. Higgins. "A Letter from C. S. Lewis". The Horn Book Magazine. October 1966. Archived 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  41. ^ Lindskoog, Kathryn. Journeying into Narnia. Pasadena, CA: Promise Publ House. ISBN 9780932727893. pp. 44–46.
  42. ^ Gormley, Beatrice. C. S. Lewis: The Man Backside Narnia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802853011. p. 122. (Second edition of C. Due south. Lewis: Christian and Storyteller. Eerdmans. 1997. ISBN 9780802851215.)
  43. ^ Lewis, C. S. (2007). The Nerveless Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 3: Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy, 1950 - 1963. Zondervan. p. 497. ISBN978-0060819224.
  44. ^ Lindsley, Art. "C. S. Lewis: His Life and Works". C. S. Lewis Found. Retrieved ten November 2016.
  45. ^ "No sexual practice in Narnia? How Hans Christian Andersen'due south "Snowfall Queen" problematizes C. Southward. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia". Gratis Online Library (thefreelibrary.com). Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  46. ^ Wilson, Tracy 5 (7 December 2005). "Howstuffworks "The World of Narnia"". Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 21 Dec 2010.
  47. ^ Nicholson, Mervyn (1991). "What C. S. Lewis Took From Eastward. Nesbit". Children'southward Literature Association Quarterly. 16: xvi–22. doi:10.1353/chq.0.0823. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  48. ^ Aesop's Fables by Aesop. Project Gutenberg. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  49. ^ Prince Caspian, Chapter 15.
  50. ^ Jackson, Ruth (26 Apr 2021). "The CS Lewis podcast" (Podcast). Premier Christian Radio. Retrieved 28 Apr 2021.
  51. ^ a b c Schakel, Peter J. (2013). "Subconscious Images of Christ in the Fiction of C. S. Lewis". Studies in the Literary Imagination. Project Muse. 46 (two): 1–xviii. doi:x.1353/sli.2013.0010. ISSN 2165-2678. S2CID 159684550.
  52. ^ a b Russell, James (27 September 2009). "Narnia as a Site of National Struggle: Marketing, Christianity, and National Purpose in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Panthera leo, the Witch and the Wardrobe". Picture palace Journal. 48 (4): 59–76. doi:10.1353/cj.0.0145. ISSN 1527-2087.
  53. ^ a b Brown, Devin (2013). Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Abingdon Press. ISBN978-0801065996.
  54. ^ Schakel, Peter (2005). The Style into Narnia: A Reader's Guide. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN978-0802829849. p. 122.
  55. ^ Bell, James; Dunlop, Cheryl (2007). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Earth of Narnia. Blastoff. ISBN978-1592576173.
  56. ^ Hardy, Elizabeth (2013). Milton, Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia: Literary Sources for the C.S. Abingdon Printing. ISBN9781426785559. pp. 138, 173.
  57. ^ Ford, p. 213.
  58. ^ Ford, p. 459.
  59. ^ Ford, p. 33.
  60. ^ "Scholastic Catalog - Book Data". src.scholastic.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  61. ^ The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at IMDb
  62. ^ Hooper, Walter (1998). C. Due south. Lewis: A Complete Guide to His Life & Works. HarperCollins. pp. 787, 960.
  63. ^ WorldCat libraries have catalogued the related works in different ways including "The king of beasts, the witch, and the wardrobe: a musical based on C.S. Lewis' archetype story" (book, 1986, OCLC 14694962); "The lion, the witch, and the wardrobe: a musical based on C.S. Lewis' classic story" (musical score, 1986, OCLC 16713815); "Narnia: a dramatic adaptation of C.S. Lewis's The panthera leo, the witch, and the wardrobe" (video, 1986, OCLC 32772305); "Narnia: based on C.South. Lewis' [classic story] The panthera leo, the witch, and the wardrobe" (1987, OCLC 792898134).
     Google Books uses the title "Narnia – Full Musical" and hosts selections, perhaps from the play by Tasca solitary, without lyrics or music. Tasca, J. (1986). Narnia - Total Musical. Dramatic Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-87129-381-7 . Retrieved sixteen June 2014.
  64. ^ "Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe". TheBachelorGirl.com. 29 Dec 2005. Archived from the original on sixteen March 2012. Retrieved xi December 2010. Evidently, "the Available Girl" was a sometime fellow member of the Trumpets cast.
  65. ^ David, B.J. [2002]. "Narnia Revisited". From a Filipino schoolhouse newspaper, probably in translation, posted 12 September 2002 to a discussion forum at Pinoy Exchange (pinoyexchange.com/forums). Retrieved 2015-10-29.
      "Stephen Gresham, stepson of C.Due south. Lewis" saw the second staging by invitation and returned with his married woman to meet it again. "[T]his approval from the family and estate of the well-loved author is plenty evidence that the Trumpets adaptations is at par with other versions."
  66. ^ See besides blog reprint of local newspaper commodity at David, BJ (24 May 2021). "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe - Meralco, 2002 - Page 6 - Books and Literature". PinoyExchange . Retrieved 19 June 2021. . Article in English. Blog in Filipino.
  67. ^ Garcia, Rose (29 March 2007). "Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista?". PEP (Philippine Entertainment Portal). Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  68. ^ Mitchell, Adrian (4 Dec 1998). The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: The Royal Shakespeare Company's Stage Adaptation. An Acting Edition. Oberon Books Ltd. ISBN978-1840020496.
  69. ^ "Stratford Festival puts magic of Narnia onstage: review". thestar.com. 3 June 2016.
  70. ^ "Stratford Festival'due south The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe not for grown-ups" – via The Globe and Mail.
  71. ^ Murphy, Jim (2 Jan 2003). "Mythical, magical puppetry". The Age (theage.com.au) . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  72. ^ Yench, Belinda. "Welcome to the king of beasts's den". The Blurb [Australian arts and entertainment] (theblurb.com.au). Archived from the original on 8 September 2007. Retrieved 11 Dec 2010. . This review mistakenly identifies C. S. Lewis equally the author of Alice in Wonderland.
  73. ^ Quittner, Charles. "The Panthera leo, the Witch and the Wardrobe Is Beautiful and Compact". BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 20 September 2014. [ dead link ]
  74. ^ Graeber, Laurel (4 September 2014). "Spare Times for Children for v-11 Sept". The New York Times . Retrieved xx September 2014.
  75. ^ Billington, Michael (31 May 2012). "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – review". the Guardian . Retrieved ix December 2018.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Ford, Paul F. (2005). Companion to Narnia: Revised Edition. San Francisco: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-079127-8.
  • Hooper, Walter, ed. (1982). On Stories and Other Essays on Literature. Past C. S. Lewis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-668788-7.
  • Schakel, Peter J. (2002). Imagination and the arts in C. Due south. Lewis: journeying to Narnia and other worlds. University of Missouri Press. ISBN978-0-8262-1407-2.
  • Veith, Gene (2008). The Soul of Prince Caspian: Exploring Spiritual Truth in the State of Narnia. David C. Cook. ISBN978-0-7814-4528-3.

Further reading [edit]

  • Sammons, Martha C. (1979). A Guide Through Narnia. Wheaton, Illinois: Harold Shaw Publishers. ISBN978-0-87788-325-8.
  • Downing, David C. (2005). Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN978-0-7879-7890-7.
  • Ryken, Leland; Mead, and; Lamp, Marjorie (2005). A Reader'due south Guide Through the Wardrobe: Exploring C. S. Lewis's Classic Story. London: InterVarsity Press. ISBN978-0-8308-3289-seven.

External links [edit]

  • The Panthera leo, the Witch and the Wardrobe at Faded Page (Canada)
  • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in libraries (WorldCat itemize) —immediately, the full-color C. S. Lewis centenary edition
  • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe title list at the Cyberspace Speculative Fiction Database

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe

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